Supply chain management project pdf

Automating a broken process does not fix the process. Supply base management as a best practice plays a crucial role for organizations since it enhances global supply chain liquidity and helps maintain record.

It also allows identification of new suppliers, evaluation of existing suppliers, improve supplier performance and supplier portfolio. It is possible to measure and develop supplier performance in a proactive way by mixing and collaborating tools.

Consequently there is reduction in risk and also ensuring that the suppliers are the best in class. Lean supply base enables organizations to audit their suppliers and reviews them prior to entering into partnerships. This will enhance level of trust and mutual understanding. Lean supply base through partnerships improves business processes and leads to improved products and reduction in costs and inventories. Best practices in supply base management arms organizations with means and ways to use procurement as a competitive edge to their supply chain services.

Forging closer relationships with the remaining suppliers leads to lower total costs and inventories, improved working capital and better products. Narrowing the supplier base also benefits remaining vendors who usually increase business volumes in exchange of lower unit pricing.

Within any organization, public or private, there may be valid business and strategic reasons to outsource parts of the operation so the business can focus on its core capabilities. This process requires both an objective evaluation of internal performance and capacity, followed by a search for reliable partners that can deliver responsive services.

The numerously presented definitions of outsourcing have been varied from what is concerned with the transfer of goods and services that have been carried out internally to an external provider Domberger, to the procurement of products or services from external sources of organization Lankford and Parsa, To describe the main features of outsourcing, the transaction involved normally consists of two parts; the transfer to a third party of the responsibility for the operation and management of part of an organization, and the provision of services to the organization by the supplier, usually for a period of several years.

The practice of outsourcing is believed by many to be sustainable. Lankford and Parsa for instance revealed that a study has indicated that outsourcing operations is the trend of the future, and those organizations which already involved with outsourcing are satisfied with the result.

At present, the outsourcing of selected organizational activities is an integral part of corporate strategy. The core competence paradigm is based on companies understanding what internal skills and resources they should own and control through internal contracts in order to sustain their business success. Other than core competence, the organization must also first understand the business perfectly in every possible aspect, namely the operations, tactical and strategic Gavin and Matherly, Various forms of organizational benefits and advantages have been related to the idea of outsourcing.

Since outsourcing has attracted many parties to explore the possible benefits and profits it may bring, outsourcing benefits, drivers and advantages have been carefully scrutinized and clearly explained by many researchers Jennings, ; Lankford and Parsa, ; McIvor ; Linder et al, Nevertheless, the cost efficiency advantage could be gained only if the right tasks are contracted out Behara et al, These operations take a variety of inputs and convert them into desired outputs.

The inputs include raw materials, components, people, equipment, information, money and other resources. Logistics manages the flow of inputs from suppliers, the movement of materials through different operations within the organization, and the flow of materials out to customers Wisner, Morash and Clinton proposed a schema for future supply chain research that included transportation and logistics capabilities as the link between supply chain structure and performance.

Wisner hypothesized a positive link between logistics strategy and organizational performance, he did not report data collection related to logistics strategy measurement and did not report results related to his hypotheses. Bowersox et al. Performance of Malaysian manufacturing and service firms. Data for the study were collected from a sample of Malaysian manufacturing and service firms.

The research model was tested using structural equation modeling. The results showed that SCM practices in both the upstream and downstream supply chain have a direct and significant impact on organizational performance among Malaysian firms. The findings also revealed that manufacturing and service firms in Malaysia did not have a significant difference in their SCM practices. Tracey et. Methodology was employed to generate reliable and valid measurement instrument.

Responses from manufacturing managers were then utilized to test casual model using the results indicated significant positive relationships exit among three types of SCM capabilities. A sample of 52 large private manufacturing companies, which are members of Kenya Association of Manufacturers KAM was used. To establish SCM practices, 39 variables were used to measure the level of application among those firms.

As a result 11 critical factors were established as the best practices: Operating policies, linkages within supply chain firms, improved performance, information technology systems strategic alliances, performance measures, goal orientation, customer and relationships, guidelines and procedures supplier selection and supplier evaluation.

When benchmarked, these practices were found to be universal and compared with the best practices globally. It is often concluded that a well-coordinated procurement system offers value for money and consequently monetary savings. This involved the research design, target population, sampling design and sample size, data collection procedures and instrument, determination of reliability and validity as well as data analysis techniques. According to Donald and Pamela , descriptive research a descriptive study deals with the what, how and who of a phenomenon which is the concern for this study.

The study specifically tries to ascertain the SCM practices among research institutions in Kenya and seeks to show their relationship with firm performance. The study also sought to find out the challenges faced in the adoption of SCM practices.

Thus descriptive research design is appropriate. Mogire conducted research on Supply Chain Practices in five star hotels in Kenya and Komen did a survey of the extent of outsourcing of Human Resource management functions Services by the Public Service in Kenya.

Both researchers used descriptive analysis to analyze their research data and it was successful. In the present study, the population was made up of all publicly funded Kenyan research institutions whose core mandate is to conduct policy research.

The study targeted 36 respondents from the public research institutions in Kenya. Since the population of the study is small, a census was carried out. Quantitative data involves collecting data from a population or from one or more large samples that represent the population, in a form that is easily converted to numerical indices Leedy Ormrod, The research instrument was a semi structured questionnaire. The questionnaires were administered through two methods namely; self- administered questionnaires and researcher administered questionnaires.

Most of the questions were close-ended to allow easy coding, faster responses and direct research to relevant and desirable variables hypothesized as possible challenges. Three questionnaires were distributed to each research institution. All data collected was checked for consistency of responses and cleaned before entry into computer file. The data was analyzed using statistical methods and the results, displayed using tables, charts and graphs.

Descriptive statistics mainly frequencies, percentages, and mean were used to summarize the responses. This was used to analyze objective I determination of supply chain management practices among public research institutions and objective III the challenges that public research institutions in Kenya face while adopting SCM Practices.

The researcher also used multivariate linear regression analysis to address objective II the impact of SCM Practices on performance. The chapter is organized as follows: First it presents the response rate then the background information of the respondents. This is followed by analysis of supply chain practices that have been adopted by the research institutions. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the relationship between various supply chain management practices and firm performance using regression analysis.

The response rate was as displayed in the table below. This is a very high response rate and is representative of the targeted sample.

The responses were as shown in the table below. The implication of these proportions is that the data collected had private funding element making the findings even more useful since the profit motive for the partially publicly funded institutions could drive them to adopt more robust strategies to ensure their sustainability as witnessed among educational institutions.

The table below shows the responses. This does not however affect the research data since the focus was on the institutions rather than personal opinions. Table 4 4: Distribution of Respondents by length of service Frequency Percent 1 - 5 years 7 Thus The respondents were asked to rate their levels of agreement with various statements on a scale of 1 — 5 where 1 was strongly disagree and 5 was strongly agree.

The summary statistics of the responses are provided in table 4. N Supplier Selection 30 2. The following SCM practices have been implemented to a moderate extent mean lies between 2. Only Involvement of key suppliers in planning mean, 2.

These findings indicate that while a number of SCM best practices have been adopted and implemented to a great extent, majority of the practices have been implemented to a moderate extent.

Further, a key practice like involvement of major suppliers in planning still lacks behind. These findings imply that research institutions still have lots of ground to cover in terms of fully implementing supply chain best practices.

The variables which were all measured using a 5-point likert scale included the following: green supply chain practices, long term supplier relationships, information technology, lean suppliers, outsourcing and logistics. A multivariate linear regression was fitted to the data and the results were as shown in the table below.

Error Beta t Sig. From the above findings, logistics, lean suppliers and information technology were found to have positive statistically significant relationships with performance. The other three variables, namely Green supply chain practices, long term relationships and outsourcing were found to have weak correlations which were not statistically significant.

However the study findings are consistent with those of Orukoh where in his study he established that Numerical Machining Complex had not institutionalized collaborative long term relationships with suppliers. The study also contradicts the findings with those of Mwirigi on Green Supply Chain Practices which she established that GSC practices contributed to environmental challenges to firms.

Model The respondents were asked to rate the level of agreement with various statements on SCM on a scale of 1 — 5. The mean ratings were then computed and ranked and the items with a mean rating less than 3. The table below shows the results. All users are aware of procurement Policies, 30 1. The 3 items included: existence of relevant committees mean, 4. The other 7 items which were rated as applying to a moderate extent indicates that the organizations face challenges in those respects.

It is organized as follows: first it presents the summary of findings organized as per research objectives, then the conclusions drawn from those findings and finally both policy recommendations and suggestions for further study. The following were the major findings obtained from the data analysis.

Regarding SCM practices, it was found that while a number of SCM best practices had been adopted and implemented to a great extent, majority of the practices have been implemented to a moderate extent. It is worth noting that involvement of major suppliers in planning; an important best practice had been implemented only to a small extent.

Thus few best practices had been fully implemented with majority still lagging behind. Regarding the relationship between SCM practices and firm performance, three variables out of the seven, namely logistics, lean suppliers and information technology were found to have strong statistically significant relationships with performance.

The other three variables, namely Green supply chain practices, Long term supplier relationships and outsourcing were found to have weak relationships which were not statistically significant. Finally, various setbacks face the public research institutions in their bid to implement SCM best practices.

These include: low levels of support from top management, political interference in SCM, inadequate end user cooperation and understanding on issues relating to procurement, low supplier and end users awareness of PPDA and Regulations , and low compliance among suppliers to the Environmental Management Act and policies. First, public research institutions have adopted some SCM best practices to a great extent and some to a moderate extent.

This leaves a gap in the adoption of SCM practices. The main practices still yet to be fully implemented include: Provision of dependable Services, Quality outsourced services, Reduction of fuel consumption, Sharing of Information through Information Technology, Reduction of pollutant emissions, Prequalification of Suppliers that are aware of Environmental Issues, Formal partnerships with Suppliers, Setting up a SC data base, Operating with Lean supply base, Green Supply Chain Management Practices, Supplier Development, Preparation of specifications with Suppliers, development of an Outsourcing policy, Procurement of recyclable Material, Reverse logistics and Involvement of key suppliers in planning.

Secondly, it was concluded that logistics, lean suppliers and information technology have strong positive relationships with firm performance among the publicly funded research institutions. Thirdly, the study concluded that the institutions face a number of challenges in their bid to implement SCM best practices. The research institutions should create awareness forums to educate users on applicable laws and regulations such as the PPDA.

The research institutions should enhance their technological capacity so as to accommodate greater collaboration and information sharing between the institution and suppliers as well as internally.

Most of the respondents were Senior Managers who are busy and had no time to respond to the questionnaires. The findings of this study and application thereof are limited to Public Research Institutions in Kenya. It is therefore important to note that the findings can of this study can only only be used for comparative purposes.

The present study used only publicly funded research institutions, future studies should consider expanding their scope to include other private research institutions. The present study did not use quantitative measures of firm performance. It would be interesting to see whether similar results can be obtained using quantitative measures such as profitability.

A How can performance Standards enhance accountability for Public health? Behn, R. D Why measure performance? Different purposes require different measures, Public Administration Review, Vol. Burgress, K. Singh, P and Koroglu, P. Chopra, S. Christopher, M. Domberger, V. O How, L. L; Padmanabhan, V. The bullwhip effect in Supply chains. Hugo, W. J, Bardenhorst-Weiss, J. Supply Chain Management — Logistics in Perspective. Kitazawa, S. Knight and Pretty, Koplin, J.

Lummus, R. R Alber, K. Lambert D. Industrial Marketing Management 29, pp. Shenhar, A. R Mogire E. Unpublished MBA Project. University of Nairobi.

Mwirigi, P. Onyango, P. The company has therefore taken this initiative of launching a chain of books, music and gifts stores that will once again democratize the reading habit in the country.

The company believes that with 1. It is focusing on the introduction of old classics and books in regional languages with an objective to make these affordable to a mass audience. These thematic stores that offer the most contemporary in fashion and accessories, is another of the value added propositions that Pantaloon seeks to offer.

The aspirational mass of consumers who are bombarded with the latest in style through media penetration, hedonism and peer emulation, need an outlet that meets their requirements of trendy, latest and yet affordable fashion. Fashion Station is positioned to meet their requirements, and thereby take fashion to the masses.

Format-6 Home Improvement Some of the key factors contributing to growth in the housing sector in India are increasing purchasing power increasing number of nuclear families, softer interest rates, easy availability of finance schemes and an overall real estate boom across the country.

There is a shortage of more than 33 million dwelling units. With every house, a dream is planted to decorate the house. And this creates a demand for furniture, electronics and home improvement products. Modern retail is ideally placed to capture a significant chunk of consumer spend made by a new homebuyer. This was the opportunity that Pantaloon perceived and the reason why it entered the Rs. With its presence in the modern retail and consumer space, this new concept was an opportunity for the company to leverage its experience and offer the consumer an alternative solution to canalize his consumption needs.

In the Rs. It retails products ranging from music systems to laptops, from the latest plasma television sets to DVD players, from washing machines to air-conditioners to name a few. En route towards 3 billion phones worldwide, a major shift would occur in consumer interest from carriage to content and from a verbal to a growing visual world. In India, the story is no different. With over million mobile subscribers expected by , there exists a huge potential for all players in the mobility space.

This is what prompted the company to set up a new division ConvergeM in to identify, develop and bring to the market, mobile products and solutions tailor-made to suit the consumers requirements at competitive prices. ConvergeM adopts a unique approach of establishing, multi-brand, multi-category, multi-format and comprehensive solution outlets to lead and exponentially expand the market.

As in most other formats, ConvergeM too operates in the lifestyle and value platforms. Primarily aimed at the replacement market, a typical MBazaar is located within most Big Bazaar stores as well as stand-alone options. The mission for Converge M is to emerge as the largest organized retailer in the mobile space, while leading innovation in mobile applications and being the most favored destination for all communication needs.

The total number of middle to high income households is projected to reach million by , thereby adding a large number of people to the consuming class. The company is using the collaborative approach to strengthen its position in the leisure and entertainment space.

This has helped the company build a complete bouquet of brands that span from food courts to fine dining. As the shift from high street to malls continues, the restaurant business is expected to increase significantly. For Indians, shopping comes hand in hand with eating and celebrating and these formats are being developed keeping this in mind.

F is designed as an entertainment zone that can be present in every mall and this business is expected to gain traction in the coming year. F, the entertainment zone offering is a leisure solution for all age groups. The focus would be to offer a wide range of gaming options from bowling and pool, interactive video games to bumper cars. The entire concept is built around international thinking and gaming knowledge, with Indian pricing. Customers will be treated to the best quality hair and skin services at unbelievable prices.

One such store was operational as on the 30th June Typically, of around 25, square feet each, these centers will include pharmacies and beauty product zones and a host of other offerings such as health cafes, gymnasium, healthcare services, retailing fitness equipments, yoga centers and books on health and fitness etc.

Access to Internet is no longer limited to a small segment of young, male urban people. Cutting across age groups, gender, geography and socio-economic backgrounds, Indians are taking to the net like fish to water.

It is estimated that there are at least 25 million Indians who access the Internet on a regular basis. In fact, Indians are no longer limiting their Internet usage to email and chatting. Online shopping has finally come of age. As the leading retailer in India, Pantaloon could ill afford to overlook this emerging segment. There is a sufficiently large segment of online shoppers whose consumption spends needs to be captured.

Pantaloon perceives its online business as yet another delivery format that can potentially reach out to 25 million customers.

Future Bazaar, has modeled itself on a unique complete retailer platform. Accessories speak a lot about the personality of the individual and are a reflection of the attitude of the wearer.

Footwear is one such category in the fashion sphere that truly embodies the phrase-best foot forward. During the year under review, Pantaloon explored the opportunity to get into branded footwear, by partnering with the well-established footwear company Liberty Shoes.

These stores would be located within most retail spaces that Pantaloon would be present in, and as stand alone stores across the country. Shoe Factory stores would be a destination for men, women and children of all ages, who can choose from a wide variety of quality footwear at various price points, suiting their budgets.

Spread over nearly 13, square feet, this value format houses a wide range of the latest and trendiest too Twear and accessories for all occasions, at unbeatable prices.

This equal joint venture named GJ Future Fashions Limited, apart from gaining additional visibility within all existing and upcoming Pantaloons stores and Central malls will set up a chain of exclusive kids wear stores throughout the country, addressing fashion needs of children in all age groups, from 5 to 15 years. This initiative witnessed the opening of two stand-alone stores during the year in Indore and Ahmedabad. Shop till you drop! Big Bazaar has democratized shopping in India and is so much more than a hypermarket.

At Big Bazaar, you will get the best products at the best prices from apparel to general merchandise like plastics, home furnishings, utensils, crockery, cutlery, sports goods, car accessories, books and music, computer accessories and many, many more. Big Bazaar is the destination where you get products available at prices lower than the MRP, setting a new level of standard in price, convenience and quality.

If you are a fashion conscious buyer who wants great clothes at great prices, Big Bazaar is the place to be. This highlights the uniqueness of Big Bazaar as compared to traditional hypermarkets, which principally revolve around food, groceries and general merchandise. Food Bazaar, through its multiple outlets addresses this. At the same time it offers best quality products at wholesale prices to a wide cross section of the India population.

Food Bazaar effectively blends the look, touch and feels of the Indian bazaar with the choice, convenience and hygiene that modern retail provides. The food and grocery division of the company was launched in and has grown to 47 stores nationwide at the end of the current financial year.

Most stores are located within Big Bazaar, Central and Pantaloons and act as strong footfall generators. There are separate stand-alone Food Bazaars as well. Food Bazaar offers a variety of daily consumption items, which include staples, Week Sale Week Sale soaps and detergents, oils, cereals and biscuits.

On 1 29 the product category side, 2 30 the primary segregation is 3 31 done on the basis of 4 32 staples, fresh produce, branded foods and home 5 33 and personal care 6 34 products. Therefore, it can be said that the data collection is an important part of the project. Gaining knowledge about the product at Big Bazaar: Reading about the products was the first step undertaken. This gave not only in depth knowledge about what is been offered by other players but also proved useful while developing the questionnaire.

Steps in the Development of the Survey Instruments The main instruments required for survey was a well-developed questionnaire. The questionnaire development took place in a series of steps as described below: Research objectives are being transformed into information objectives. The Appropriate data collection methods have been determined The information required by each objective is being determined.

The number of information needed is being determined. The questionnaire and layout is being evaluated. Revise the questionnaire layout if needed. The Questionnaire format is being finalized. Customer Survey: The people play an important part as a clear perception of people about the product can be estimated and known.

Studying the need levels of the people regarding the products can be observed. It was very useful in knowing about the requirements of the people. Sampling Plan: Elements: The target population of the study included the general population of every age who enters to the Big Bazaar Sample size: people. These were then finally filled by customers, for the conclusive study. Finally the data collected was fed into the data analysis software, to be analyzed using statistical techniques.

The factors on which we are working are occupation. Monthly transaction is also an important parameter but it is difficult to verify. Although the amount of money that business unit earns in a month is an absolute, not a relative quantity but it is a sensitive topic in our society and it is difficult to determine. Attitude is an important notion in the marketing literature, since it is generally thought that the attitudes are related to the behavior of customer.

Through the questionnaire we have tried to find out the behavior of the individuals regarding the product and their responses. If the responses are favorable then the person can be said to be our potential customer. The primary data serves as an important tool to measure the behavioral trend of the customer. It helps in answering some of the vital Questions. Communication involves questioning respondents to secure the desired information, using a data collection instrument called questionnaire.

The questions were in writing and so were the responses. The data accrued, especially from the interviews and questionnaires circulated, are tabulated and depicted on graphs in the following pages. The data thus gathered and tabulated is analyzed.

The data is then scrutinized and relevant interpretations are drawn. The major objectives of analysis of data are: 1. To evaluate and enhance data quality 2. Examine effects of other relevant factors 3. Customer satisfaction ratio, 4. Level of satisfaction, 5. Causes of dis-satisfaction, 6. Customer responses regarding services. The data collection plan, including procedures, instruments, and forms, was designed and pre- tested to maximize accuracy.

All data collection activities were monitored to ensure adherence to the data collection protocol and to prompt actions to minimize And resolve missing and questionable data.

Monitoring procedures were instituted at the outset and maintained throughout the study, since the faster irregularities can be Detected; the greater the likelihood that they can be resolved in a satisfactory manner and the sooner preventive measures can be instituted. Respondents were asked to choose Among four age group categories, viz. The age groups were identified as key factors impacting shopping and purchase decisions of consumers. Analysis From the table, and pie chart depicted above, the distribution of the population under study is evident.

Interpretation: The highest number of respondents falls in the age group It can be deduced that most of the consumers who visit retail outlets regularly are the youth.

They make up almost more than half of the population who shop at retail stores. The object of this question is to understand the demographics of the population under study. Analysis: From the table, and pie chart depicted above, the distribution of the consumers is evident. Of the respondents who answered the questionnaire, 65 were female and 35 were male. It is evident from the responses and the subsequent tabulation that the number of female respondents was higher than that of the male respondents in the population under study.